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Olduvai III: Catacylsm
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How sand transformed civilization

How sand transformed civilization Preface. No wonder we’re reaching peak sand. We use more of this natural resource than of any other except water. Civilization consumes nearly 50 billion tons of sand & gravel a year, enough to build a concrete wall 88 feet (27 m) high and 88 feet wide right around the equator.     […]

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Peak Sand

Peak Sand Preface.  Sand Primer: Without sand, there would be no concrete, ceramics, computer chips, glass, plastics, abrasives, paint and so on We can’t use desert sand because it’s too round, polished by the wind, and doesn’t stick together. You need rough edges, so desert sand is worthless Good sand  is getting so rare there’s […]

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Science magazine on Peak Sand 2017 and 2018

Science magazine on Peak Sand 2017 and 2018 [ Sand is essential to make concrete, glass, silicon for computer chips, and many other products (longer list in Peak Sand), so no wonder top journal “Science” has had two articles on this topic. Sand mining also ruins ecosystems, lessens biodiversity, impairs water and food security, makes storm […]

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Olduvai IV: Courage
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Olduvai II: Exodus
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