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Why the Wild Descent of Oil Is Cause for Concern
Why the Wild Descent of Oil Is Cause for Concern
Low prices once signalled good news for the global economy. Not this time.
Global markets now behave like digital roller-coasters from China to Europe. Oil photo via Shutterstock.
Global markets now behave like digital roller-coasters from China to Europe.
Schlumberger, the largest oil field service firm, cut 10,000 jobs in 2016 and another 20,000 jobs last year. The champion of hydraulic fracturing posted a loss of $1 billion, too.
Throughout the world’s financial pages, economists have adopted a new noun: stagnation, stagnation and stagnation.
In Aberdeen, Scotland, former oil workers line up at food banks.
In Fort McMurray, Canada’s oilsands mining centre, Nexen shut down a 50,000 barrel a day facility — a dramatic first. Dogged by wonky technology and a recent explosion, the Long Lake steam plant consistently failed to reach production targets (70,000 a day). It extracted some of the world’s dirtiest oil.
In the U.S., scores of energy companies dependent on fracking have gone bankrupt.
Every continental petro-state — Alaska, Alberta, Colorado, Wyoming, Texas and Louisiana, North Dakota and many others — has now declared extreme budgetary shortfalls due to huge drops in oil and gas revenue.
The International Energy Agency predicts “the oil market could drown in oversupply” in 2016.
And so, the descent of oil has become a sort of Sherman’s March on globalization.
The status-quo pundits say don’t worry. The world is awash in oil due to the brute force of fracking and Alberta’s faltering bitumen boom.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
Come Listen to the Man Fracking Powers Tried to Silence
Come Listen to the Man Fracking Powers Tried to Silence
Why you should spend Thursday, Jan. 28, with Andrew Nikiforuk. A special Tyee event.
On Jan. 28, Andrew Nikiforuk has some knowledge to share.
On Jan. 28, in Vancouver, you have the opportunity to spend an evening with Andrew Nikiforuk, one the finest journalists, one of the finest minds, one the most courageous and public spirited people I have ever met.
If you are a regular reader of The Tyee you probably recognize Andrew’s byline. But you may not know of his new book on fracking in Canada with a fascinating, real-life hero at the centre of it.
You also may not know how hostile a place Canada can be for a journalist as effective as Andrew Nikiforuk.
And before you buy a ticket for the “Standing up to Fracking” Jan. 28 event, you’d probably like to know more about what will be discussed.
So I thought I’d quickly fill you in on all that here.
Andrew first met Alberta landowner and oil patch consultant Jessica Ernst in 2004 while reporting for the Globe and Mail’s Report on Business on “unconventional” energy sources — like fracked gas. It wasn’t until the next year that the harm fracking can do became personal for Ernst. She’d discovered groundwater contamination on her own land 113 kilometres northeast of Calgary, and Andrew returned to write about that for Canadian Business.
He couldn’t believe the level of fraud she had documented or how the Alberta Energy Regulator had banished all communication from her to thwart her efforts. In fact her story about pollution eerily previewed the trouble and controversy fracking would later cause across the continent.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
In Supreme Court, a Battle Over Fracking and Citizens’ Rights
In Supreme Court, a Battle Over Fracking and Citizens’ Rights
Jessica Ernst’s long fight to challenge legislation putting energy regulator above the law reaches top court.
Jessica Ernst on her land in Alberta. Photo: Colin Smith.
For almost two hours, all nine justices questioned lawyers from both sides in a case that will determine if legislation can grant government agencies blanket immunity from lawsuits based on the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
At times the debate was so bogged down in legal jargon and little known cases that it felt as though the participants were holding a conversation in a foreign language.
STANDING UP TO FRACKING: A TYEE EVENT
Join The Tyee and acclaimed energy journalist and author Andrew Nikiforuk for a special evening on fracking. Nikiforuk will survey the latest energy battleground and discuss his new book, Slick Water, which centres around Jessica Ernst’s landmark case. The event takes place Jan. 28 in Vancouver. Find further details and ticket information here.
But the heart of the matter remained simple: Can a regulator prevent a citizen from suing it for damages when the citizen feels their charter rights have been violated?
Ernst alleges the Alberta Energy Regulator violated her rights by characterizing her as a “criminal threat” and barring all communication with her.
The claims are part of her multipronged lawsuit related to the regulation of fracking. She says fracking contaminated aquifers near her homestead near Rosebud, about 110 kilometres east of Calgary, and is seeking $33 million in damages.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
California’s Massive Gas Leak: Hazards of Industry Long Known
California’s Massive Gas Leak: Hazards of Industry Long Known
Expert research, public record details many risks of underground gas storage.
Overhead photo of the leaking Aliso Canyon well pad near the Porter Ranch community in Los Angeles County, Dec. 17, 2015. Credit: Earthworks, Creative Commons licensed.
Since Oct. 23, thousands of citizens have been displaced or sickened with nosebleeds and headaches by hydrocarbon pollution from a leaky injection well site at the Aliso Canyon storage facility, one of the largest underground storage sites in North America.
Industry stores methane underground in depleted oil and gas fields, aquifers or salt caverns for future use because it is more economic than storing the gas in tanks on the surface.
UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE: A LEGACY OF LEAKS
The gas storage industry, now 90 years old, has experienced lots of gas migration problems and its facilities “can create a serious risk of explosions and risks especially when located in urban settings,” say the petroleum experts who authored Gas Migration.
Leaks occur through faults, wells and cracks in cap rock. Operators admit that during the 50-year life of any operation, methane will leak and erupt into aquifers, soils and the atmosphere.
Decades ago, scientists compared storing methane underground (the gas is lighter than air) to building a room for a bunch of feral cats all trying to escape.
The following incidents illustrate that the Aliso Canyon disaster represents just one of the hazards of injecting and storing gases underground.
Moss Bluff, Texas, 2004: An explosion at this facility north of Houston lit up the sky with 200-foot flames and damaged a wellhead. As a result, the facility released nearly $30-million worth of methane into the atmosphere. More than 100 local residents were evacuated.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
Charter Rights at Issue in Fracking Supreme Court Case
Charter Rights at Issue in Fracking Supreme Court Case
Jessica Ernst’s long battle over rights, well contamination reaches highest court Tuesday.
Jessica Ernst stands in front of Encana compressors in Rosebud, Alberta. Photo by Tor Lundberg Tuorda.
An Alberta woman’s landmark eight-year battle over fracking regulation, water contamination and Charter rights will take centre stage in the Supreme Court of Canada Tuesday.
Jessica Ernst claims fracking contaminated the water supply at her homestead near Rosebud, about 110 kilometres east of Calgary. She is seeking $33 million in damages.
Ernst is also taking on the agency that regulates the energy industry in Alberta, claiming it has denied her the right to raise her concerns effectively and is shielded by unconstitutional legislation that bar citizens from suing it for wrongdoing.
The B.C. Civil Liberties Association, the Canadian Civil Liberties Association and the David Asper Centre for Constitutional Law at the University of Toronto have intervened in support of Ernst’s position and the lawsuit could change the way the controversial technology of hydraulic fracturing is regulated in Canada.
Ernst’s lawyers hope the Supreme Court will eventually rule that the Alberta Energy Regulator violated the Charter of Rights and Freedoms by limiting her ability to communicate with the agency.
Such a decision would punt Ernst’s case back into Alberta’s courts where it can continue its slow course. Ernst considers the regulator the most at fault in her famous and multi-pronged lawsuit.
In a “factum” prepared for the Supreme Court, the B.C. Civil Liberties Association argues that immunity clauses for regulators are an affront to government accountability and a licence to abuse power.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
They’re Killing the Peace River Valley Now
They’re Killing the Peace River Valley Now
The $9 billion flaying, then drowning of a fertile zone has begun. We still don’t know why.
Photos by Garth Lenz.
Last month the B.C government commenced the destruction of the fertile Peace River Valley, awarding a civil works contract worth $1.5 billion as construction crews methodically denuded the landscape of trees.
Taxpayers will be on the hook for at least $7.5 billion more by the time the devastation is done. The question looming larger than ever is whether the Peace River Valley must be sacrificed at all.
A range of rising voices insist that every argument made by the government for rushing to build a new mega-dam on the Peace River fails to hold water.
The government-dubbed “Site C Clean Energy Project” will flood scores of kilometers of valley river bottom (much of it valuable Class 1 agricultural land) and eventually generate enough power, says the province, to light up the equivalent of 450,000 homes.
According to one press release, the dam “will provide British Columbia with the most affordable, reliable clean power for over 100 years.” Jessica McDonald, president and CEO of BC Hydro, explained that “Site C is essential to keeping the lights on while maintaining low rates for our customers.”
Bill Bennett, Minister of Energy and Mines added that, “It’s clear that to keep rates low, we must choose the option of building Site C.”
Critics also say the high-risk dam, which could eventually cost $13-billion, won’t lower rates for citizens but raise them.
They also explain that hydroelectric dams are not climate friendly or “clean” by any scientific measure.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
Fracking Regulation on Trial in Andrew Nikiforuk’s ‘Slick Water’
Fracking Regulation on Trial in Andrew Nikiforuk’s ‘Slick Water’
Ahead of Vancouver Island book tour, author surveys Canada’s latest energy battleground.
Andrew Nikiforuk’s new book, Slick Water: Fracking and One Insider’s Stand Against the World’s Most Powerful Industry, is in stores now.
Known for standing up to one of the most powerful industries on the planet, eight years ago Ernst sued gas driller Encana and Alberta’s energy regulators, claiming contamination of the well water in her rural backyard and the failure of government authorities to investigate.
Ernst’s suit also alleges a provincial regulator breached her charter rights by refusing to communicate with her after she publicly criticized it.
Slick Water: Fracking and One Insider’s Stand Against the World’s Most Powerful Industry, published this fall by Greystone Books, blends Ernst’s compelling personal tale and long legal saga — still ongoing today — with the story of fracking and its human and environmental impacts.
It concludes Nikiforuk’s trilogy on the oil and gas industry in Alberta, which includes 2002’s Saboteurs and 2010’s Tar Sands, a winner of the Rachel Carson Environment Book Award.
In the words of New Yorker environmental journalist Elizabeth Kolbert, Slick Water is “a true-life noir filled with corruption, incompetence, and, ultimately, courage.” More specifically, Nikiforuk says, it is a story about “the courage of women.”
This Wednesday, Nov. 18, Nikiforuk embarks on a two-week book tour that will include five stops on Vancouver Island and one on Salt Spring Island. Find a full list of dates and locations in this story’s sidebar.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
Trade Deals vs. ‘Core Community Values’
Trade Deals vs. ‘Core Community Values’
How a federal ‘no’ to Nova Scotia mine got whacked by NAFTA’s tribunal.
Canada lost a big chunk of its sovereignty as well as its right to protect local communities from bad developments earlier this year in a little reported NAFTA tribunal decision.
Furthermore the appalling ruling has major implications for any community or First Nation opposed to liquefied natural gas terminals, mining projects or bitumen pipelines.
The bizarre Bilcon case also represents a perfect example of why Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) provisions, now commonplace in international trade agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership deal, face increasing resistance from citizens around the world.
The investor trade law expert Gus Van Harten has defined the ISDS or new pseudo-courts deftly. Their purpose “is to protect foreign investors, meaning usually the world’s wealthiest companies and people, from the rest of us. Instead of public courts, you now have private lawyers sitting as ‘arbitrators’ with the power to decide how much Canadians must pay to compensate foreign investors for our country’s decisions.”
Last March, a three-man NAFTA tribunal ruled that a federal and provincial environmental review process grossly erred by rejecting a controversial quarry proposed by a Delaware construction company on Digby Point in Nova Scotia.
Tellingly, the ruling can’t be contested under Canadian law.
The dismal facts are these. The Delaware-based firm Bilcon wanted to blast, crush, wash and stockpile millions of tons of rock a year and to build a 170 metre-long marine terminal that would load cargo ships with approximately 40,000 tons of aggregate, every week over a 50-year period.
Lots of Nova Scotians objected to the mining export project on the grounds that it would degrade a precious resource: the beautiful Bay of Fundy.
A joint federal review environmental panel noted that Bilcon didn’t do a very good job talking to First Nations or fishermen either.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
Harper’s Revolutionary Foreign Policy
Harper’s Revolutionary Foreign Policy
Bellicose words, pandering flip flops, just one aim: Win votes at home.
Shredded by vote-driven strategy, Canada’s foreign policy has no real conservative agenda, no moral centre. Canadian flag image via Shutterstock.
No Canadian prime minister has put his personal stamp on foreign affairs more than Stephen Harper. And no prime minister has parted so radically from the national traditions of the past.
Canada used to play the role of a noble and sometimes self-serving Boy Scout abroad. The nation brokered peace deals, elevated the status of women, fought international poverty, championed arms control, and shared critical science.
It practiced real diplomacy and in the process, as former prime minister Joe Clark wrote in How We Lead, the nation became a “reliable, respected and responsible” global partner that built “concentric circles of influence on issues from defence, to development, to conciliation, to trade.”
There were blind spots, of course. The nation often ignored the abuses of Canada’s mining industry abroad and championed secret trade deals that have given unfettered power to corporations.
But the Boy Scout is long gone and a bully has taken its place. The Harper government practices “megaphone diplomacy” and flits from one outrageous rhetorical outburst to another.
One day Harper harangues Vladimir Putin as a common criminal, while the next day his Tory minions compare Iran to Nazi Germany. Canada has morphed from the reasoned voice of a middle power to a brittle fear monger that is now the first to close embassies, cut off dialogue and impose sanctions.
At the same time the Harper government can ignore the Syrian refugee crisis, because as Harper routinely suggests, many of these people might be terrorists or God forbid, homeless Muslims.
At first glance, much of this bombast (The Globe and Mail ridiculously calls it “muscular”) might seem totally incoherent and inconsistent, and you’d be right.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
Canada’s Biggest Political Scandal You Never Heard Of
Canada’s Biggest Political Scandal You Never Heard Of
Big oil, taxpayers’ millions, call girls and a ‘mechanic’ named Bruce Carson.
It’s probably the biggest political scandal you’ve never heard of.
The tale involves Big Oil, millions of taxpayer dollars, call girls and someone the RCMP describes as “one of the prime minister’s longest serving advisors”: Bruce Carson.
And it largely took place at Stephen Harper’s alma mater: the University of Calgary between 2009 and 2011 with a cast of industry CEOs as well as several Harper ministers and aides, including Nigel Wright.
CANADA’S NO-TEETH LOBBYING ACT
The 1989 Lobbying Act bans public office holders from lobbying for five years after they have left office.
The act requires anyone paid to communicate or set up meetings with federal public office holders on a variety of subjects set out in the statute to register their activities in the Registry of Lobbyists, a federal list with more than 5,000 names.
The act, however, is weakly enforced and full of loopholes. Between 2005 and 2010, the nation’s lobbying commissioner referred only 11 cases to the RCMP. No charges were laid.
Since then the Office of the Lobbying Commissioner, the RCMP and Crown prosecutors have decided not to penalize 67 lobbyists caught violating the act and Lobbyists’ Code of Conduct.
Their identities have been kept secret.
To date, only one person has been found guilty of violating the act, and only two other people have been charged with violating it, including Bruce Carson.
Democracy Watch calculates that nearly 1,600 people have violated the Lobbying Act and Lobbyists’ Code of Conduct since 2004, but that 95 per cent of them were not caught and that 81 per cent were left off the hook.
“Lobbying Commissioner Karen Shepherd has clearly failed to enforce the federal lobbying law and code effectively as she has failed to even name and shame 81 per cent of the lobbyists caught violating the law,” saidDuff Conacher, co-founder of Democracy Watch and visiting professor at the University of Ottawa in a 2015 press release.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
Another Industry Reported Quake in BC’s Fracking Grounds
Another Industry Reported Quake in BC’s Fracking Grounds
Regulator says tremor likely industry-caused, but company says it’s too soon to say.
Progress Energy, an arm of the Malaysian oil company Petronas, temporarily shut down operations at a wellsite after a 4.5 magnitude earthquake hit an area 114 kilometres northwest of Fort St. John on Aug. 17.
B.C.’s oil and gas regulator said the earthquake was likely caused by hydraulic fracturing but “has yet to determine the cause of the event.” Progress Energy reported the tremor on Monday. No damages were reported to the regulator.
“The Commission is working to obtain a reasonable event depth from local seismic-monitoring data and is collecting more information about the event as part of its investigation,” B.C. Oil and Gas Commission spokesman Allan Clay told The Tyee.
David Sterna, Progress Energy’s director of external affairs, said the company has since resumed operations with approval from the regulator, and that “despite certain media speculation, it is too early to determine whether Monday’s seismic activity was a natural occurrence or related to hydraulic fracturing activities.”
The epicentre of the earthquake occurred three kilometers from a site where Progress Energy was conducting a multi-stage frack into the Montney Shale, a large swath of land stretching across northeast B.C. into northwest Alberta.
In B.C., any fracking operation that measures a magnitude 4.0 tremor or greater within a three kilometre radius of the drilling pad must report the event to the regulator and suspend operations. Alberta operates a similar “traffic light” system for earthquakes in the Duvernay Shale around Fox Creek, Alberta.
That region, which has experienced industry-made quakes for two years, saw a 2.6 tremor in early August.
The shale gas industry injects fluids and sand at high pressure into deep and shallow wells to crack open difficult oil and gas deposits. The injections create a network of cracks that can also connect to water zones, other industry wellsites and faults.
The reactivation of these faults can then trigger an earthquake, sometimes days after the fracture treatment, scientists say.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
The Earth’s Battery Is Running Low
The Earth’s Battery Is Running Low
We’ve drained our planet’s stored energy, scientists say, with no rechargeable plug in sight.
In the quiet of summer, a couple of U.S. scientists argued in the pages of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that modern civilization has drained the Earth — an ancient battery of stored chemical energy — to a dangerous low.
Although the battery metaphor made headlines in leading newspapers in China, India and Russia, the paper didn’t garner “much immediate attention in North America,” admits lead author John Schramski, a mechanical engineer and an ecologist.
And that’s a shame, because the paper gives ordinary people an elegant metaphor to understand the globe’s stagnating economic and political systems and their close relatives: collapsing ecosystems. It also offers a blunt course of action: “drastic” energy conservation.
It, too, comes with a provocative title: “Human domination of the biosphere: Rapid discharge of the Earth-space battery foretells the future of humankind.”
The battery metaphor speaks volumes and then some.
In the paper, Schramski and his colleagues at the University of Georgia and the University of New Mexico compared the energy state of the Earth to “the energy state of a house powered by a once-charged battery supplying all energy for lights, heating, cooling, cooking, power appliances and electronic communication.”
It took hundreds of millions of years for photosynthetic plants to trickle charge that battery. Those plants converted low quality sunlight into high-quality chemical energy stored either in living biomass (forests and plankton) or more lastingly in the dead plants and animals that became oil, gas and coal.
But in just a few centuries humans and “the modern industrial-technological informational society” have spent that stored chemical energy and depleted the Earth-space battery.
Society partly drains the battery by converting forests and grasslands into agricultural fields. It diminishes the battery further by burning fossil fuels to plow fields and build cities. Human engineering of one kind or another has left a mark on 83 per cent of the planet.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
‘Perfect Storm’ Engulfing Canada’s Economy Perfectly Predictable
‘Perfect Storm’ Engulfing Canada’s Economy Perfectly Predictable
Years ago Andrew Nikiforuk, citing experts, warned where Stephen Harper’s priorities would lead us.
Economists, an irrational tribe of short-sighted mathematicians, are now calling Canada’s declining economic fortunes “a perfect storm.”
It seems to be the only weather that complex market economies generate these days, or maybe such things are just another face of globalization.
In any case, economists now lament that low oil prices have upended the nation’s trade balance: “Canada has posted trade deficits every month this year, and the cumulative 2015 total of $13.6 billion is a record, exceeding the next highest, in 2009, of $2.95 billion.”
But this unique perfect storm gets darker. China, which Harperites eagerly embraced as the globe’s autocratic growthlocomotive, has run out of steam.
As the country’s notorious industrial revolution unwinds, China’s stock market has imploded. Communist party cadres are now moving their money to foreign housing markets in places like Vancouver.
Throughout the world, analysts no longer refer to bitumen as Canada’s destiny, but as a stranded asset. They view it as a poster child for over-spending, a symbol of climate chaos, a signature of peak oil and a textbook case of miserable energy returns. Nearly $60-billion worth of projects representing 1.6 million barrels of production were mothballed over the last year.
A new analysis by oil consultancy Wood Mackenzie reveals that capital flows into the oilsands could drop by two-thirds in the next few years.
The Bank of Canada doesn’t describe the downturn led by oil’s collapse as a recession because the “R word” smacks of negative thinking or just plain reality.
Surely lower interest rates will magically soften the consequences of a decade of bad resource policy decisions, Ottawa’s elites now reason.
Meanwhile the loonie, another volatile petro-currency, has predictably dropped to its lowest value in six years along with the price of oil.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
Higher-risk ‘Shallow Fracking’ More Common than Suspected: Study
Higher-risk ‘Shallow Fracking’ More Common than Suspected: Study
Lessons for BC, Alberta in new Stanford report.
The study examined the frequency of so-called shallow fracking, described by the researchers as occurring less than a mile underground. Shallow fracking poses a greater risk to drinking water than fracking that occurs much deeper under the Earth’s surface.
Out of 44,000 wells fracked between 2010 and 2013 in the United States, researchers found that 6,900 (16 per cent) were fractured less than a mile from the surface and another 2,600 wells (six per cent) were fractured above 3,000 feet, or 900 metres.
“What surprised me is how often shallow fracturing occurs with large volumes of chemicals and water,” said lead researcher and environmental scientist Robert Jackson in an interview with The Tyee.
The majority of shallow fracking now takes place in Texas, California, Arkansas and Wyoming. Although the study largely excludes Canada, shallow fracking also takes place in Saskatchewan, Alberta, Quebec, Manitoba and British Columbia, and sometimes at depths less than 500 metres.
Due to poor data reporting by industry and its regulators, “the occurrence of shallow hydraulic fracturing across the U.S. is underestimated in our analysis,” added the study.
During shallow fractures, the industry injects fluids into vertical or horizontal wells to crack rock directly below or into groundwater. In many reported cases, the resulting fractures can travel up to 556 metres into other hydrocarbon zones, water formations or other energy well sites.
As a result, shallow fractures can connect to aquifers used for drinking water.
“Even fractures that do not extend all the way to an overlying aquifer can link formations by connecting them to natural faults, fissures or other pathways,” explained the study.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
Fracking Industry Has Changed Earthquake Patterns in Northeast BC
Fracking Industry Has Changed Earthquake Patterns in Northeast BC
Impact on groundwater and migrating gases mostly unknown, critics say. A special report.
New research and presentations by both provincial and federal scientists show that the shale gas industry, which the B.C. government hopes will eventually supply proposed liquefied natural gas terminals with fracked gas, has caused more than a thousand earthquakes in northeast B.C. since 2006 and changed the region’s seismicity.
The earthquakes, ranging in magnitude from 1.0 to 4.3, include six events higher than 4.0 and more than 20 events that shook buildings and moved furniture in places like Fort St. John. Several events caused casing damage to horizontal wells. Moreover, industry-caused tremors remain an ongoing geological revolution for the region.
Earthquakes with a magnitude of about 2.0 or less are called microquakes and can’t be felt at the surface. Events above 3.0 can be felt on the ground, and tremors just larger than 4.0 can cause minor damage. A great earthquake, capable of extensive damage, typically measures a magnitude of 8.0.
Scientists originally thought that hydraulic fracturing wouldn’t trigger anything more than microquakes. But now that the technology has set off magnitude 4.4 quakes in Alberta, scientists are grappling to determine what kind of hazard industrial tremors might pose to pipelines, dams and other infrastructure.
At Upper Halfway, a community northeast of Fort St. John, residents have described the tremors as a series of crashes and bangs comparable to someone driving “a truck into the side of the house.”
The shale gas industry involves the injection of highly pressurized fluids into wells to crack open difficult oil and gas deposits. The injections create a network of cracks that can also connect to fault zones. The reactivation of these faults can then trigger an earthquake, scientists say.
Due to limited monitoring, industry and government lack a full understanding of how the wave of quakes is changing the flow of groundwater in the region or the migration of gases such as methane, radon and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere throughout northeast B.C.
…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…
