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The history of North American whale killing reveals the lie that clean power will save us.

No one should be more skeptical of superlatives about renewable energy than the sperm whale. Photo by Shane Gross, Shutterstock.

An oilman, a green techie and a sperm whale walked into a bar.

They got to drinking and, inevitably, boasting.

The oilman looked at the whale and declared that if it hadn’t been for fossil fuels, all 75 species of whales would have been hunted to extinction for oil.

“My industry and its technology saved your large ass.”

The greenie then chipped in and said saving the whales was tiddlywinks.

“You oil guys might have saved a few whales, but low-carbon technologies are going to save the whole damn planet. Including oilmen.”

At that point the sperm whale put down his whiskey and harrumphed.

“Idiots. Oil accelerated the killing of whales, and green tech isn’t likely going to save the planet. You two knuckleheads know nothing about energy or unintended consequences.”

And therein lies a modern energy parable.

People generally assume that when markets run out of one resource or, in the case of whales, exterminate several species, then civilization will find a new resource that replaces the old one — the way renewables are supposed to retire fossil fuels. Right?

But the history of whale killing tells a much more complex and nuanced story, writes U.S. sociologist Richard York in an intriguing 2017 essay titled “Why Petroleum Did Not Save the Whales.”

Oilmen, of course, like to think the 1859 Pennsylvania oil boom, which poured kerosene into the North American marketplace, slackened the demand for whale oil as a source of illumination.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

Petro Politics and Trudeau’s Sordid Pipeline Deal

September 8, 2018

Petro Politics and Trudeau’s Sordid Pipeline Deal

Behind the spin, the reality is clear — taxpayers and the environment lose in the pipeline debacle.

Alberta Premier Rachel Notley and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau are ignoring the law, economics and the environment in backing the Trans Mountain pipeline. Photo from trumpvstrudeau, Creative Commons licensed.

“Petroleum is unique among the world’s resources; it is more likely to be associated with conflict than any other commodity.” — Terry Lynn Karl

The debate about the Federal Court of Appeal decision that killed the approval for the Trans Mountain $7.4-billion pipeline expansion speaks volumes about the oily state of Canadian politics.

The leaders of Canada’s die-hard petro republics, Alberta’s Rachel Notley and Saskatchewan’s Scott Moe, predictably chaffed and frothed.

They complained that they had been let down, billions of dollars are being lost and Parliament must address “this crisis.”

Business types lamented that the courts had dealt another blow to Canada’s mining republic reputation by slowing down another noble megaproject promising jobs and prosperity — for China no less.

The power of oil to construct narratives that bear little or no relation to the truth is a global phenomenon and, in Canada, a new boreal specialty. You can’t find a more entitled political player than a petroleum exporter.

All in all, the media and Canadian politicians reduced the court decision to a dubious concession to pesky First Nations and environmentalists and another damned hurdle for “the national interest” and the pursuit of jobs.

But that’s not the truth or the reality.

Here are some of the important issues that concerned citizens should now be contemplating in the wake of the historic decision.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

Nine Uncomfortable Canadian Energy Facts

May 9, 2018

Nine Uncomfortable Canadian Energy Facts

We’re not cutting emissions as much as we should, and we’re dependent on an increasingly expensive source of oil.

Canada’s energy twilight: Canada can’t meet emission targets and expand bitumen or shale gas production at the same time, according to energy expert David Hughes. Photo by Jeff Peischl/NOAA.

Canadians are global energy pigs; we’re high emitters of carbon and certainly aren’t leaders in renewable energy.

In addition “aspirational” plans by Canadian politicians won’t deliver promised emission reductions on climate change without major reductions in energy consumption.

These are just some of the hard energy facts contained in Canada’s Energy Outlook, a new and encyclopedic report by David Hughes, one of Canada’s foremost energy experts.

Hughes, whose reliable research is cited by the likes of Bloomberg, Nature, The Economist and The Tyee, has been analyzing energy trends for industry and government for more than 30 years.

Unlike many environmentalists, Hughes does not believe that a transition to renewables or even reductions in greenhouse gases will be seamless, easy or cheap. Here’s why:

1) Canadians live high and large on largely fossil fuel-based energy.

On a per capita basis we consume energy at more than five times the world average. We even consume more energy than oil hungry Americans and twice as much as the average citizen in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Citizens in Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Japan, nations that don’t export oil, consume energy at less than half the rate of Canadians.

Canada consumed 2.5 per cent of the world’s energy in 2016, and that consumption has increased at .13 per cent per year over the past five years. Fossil fuels, of course, dominated Canada’s energy menu: oil and gas at 57 per cent; coal at five per cent; nuclear at seven per cent; hydroelectricity at 27 per cent and solar and wind at 3.1 per cent.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

Spooked by Quakes, Oklahoma Toughens Fracking Rules

March 9, 2018

Spooked by Quakes, Oklahoma Toughens Fracking Rules

Canadian regulators stick with less stringent regulations despite growing risks from mega-fracking.

Across North America, fracking-caused earthquakes have led to public concern and protests. Photo by ProgressOhio, Creative Commons licensed.

After swarms of earthquakes caused by hydraulic fracturing, Oklahoma has introduced tougher regulations than those used by any Canadian energy regulator.

Last month the Oklahoma Corporation Commission ordered all drillers to deploy seismic arrays to detect ground motion within five kilometres of hydraulic fracturing operations over a 39,000-square-kilometre area in the centre of the state.

The commission, which regulates the industry, also lowered the minimum level of earthquakes at which operators must change practices from the current 2.5 magnitude to 2.

In addition, frackers must suspend their operations immediately for up to six hours after causing a 2.5 magnitude earthquake which can be felt at the surface.

The commission created the new earthquake protocol after hydraulic fracturing operations set off more than 70 earthquakes of at least 2.5 magnitude since 2016.

Canada’s energy regulators only make companies stop operations if they cause a magnitude 4 earthquake.

The Alberta Energy Regulator (AER), for example, doesn’t shut down an operation until it causes a magnitude 4 event. Even then the halt is temporary.

British Columbia’s Oil and Gas Commission requires operators “to immediately report” seismic events greater than magnitude 4 or unusual ground motion experienced by people within three kilometres of their operations.

In an attempt to reduce seismic activity, once thought to be solely caused by waste water injection, Oklahoma shut down wells and ordered the reduction of fluid volumes in 700 waste water disposal wells by 800,000 barrels per day between 2014 and 2015.

They also stipulated that if a waste water injection site triggered a 3.5 magnitude quake, it had to shut down operations.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

Megadams Not Clean or Green, Says Expert

February 1, 2018

Megadams Not Clean or Green, Says Expert

Forty years of research show hydro dams create environmental damage, says David Schindler.

‘When you add the emissions from building and producing materials for a dam, as well as the emissions from clearing forests and moving earth, the greenhouse gas production from hydro is expected to be about the same as from burning natural gas,’ says professor David Schindler. Photo from BC Hydro.

Politicians who describe dams as “clean energy projects” are talking “nonsense” and rejecting decades of science, says David Schindler, a leading water ecologist.

Former premier Christy Clark often touted the Site C dam as a “clean energy project” and Premier John Horgan has adopted the same term.

But that’s not the story told by science, Schindler told The Tyee in a wide-ranging interview.

In fact studies done by federal scientists identified dams as technological giants with lasting ecological footprints almost 40 years ago, he said.

Dam construction and the resulting flooding produces significant volumes of greenhouse gas emissions. Canadian dams have strangled river systems, flooded forests, blocked fish movement, increased methylmercury pollution, unsettled entire communities and repeatedly violated treaty rights.

Schindler, a professor emeritus at the University of Alberta and an internationally honoured expert on lakes and rivers, pointed to the increased mercury levels as a health and environmental risk. “All reservoirs that have been studied have had mercury in fish increase several-fold after a river is dammed,” he said.

“How can any of those impacts be regarded as green or clean?”

The Site C dam is no exception. A report by the University of British Columbia’s Program on Water Governance found the Site C project, which faced a federal-provincial Joint Review Panel in 2014, “has more significant negative environmental effects than any other project ever reviewed under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (including oilsands projects).”

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

The End of Growth and the Rise of Trump

November 12, 2016

The End of Growth and the Rise of Trump

Era of global growth is over, and Trump’s the first of coming calamities.

The anti-Trump protests have begun. Photo by Patrick T. Fallon, Reuters Media Express.

“The welfare of the people in particular has always been the alibi of tyrants.”
— Albert Camus

The world did not end, but it changed when the United States elected a narcissistic billionaire and racist demagogue as its president.

As Albert Camus once noted, “A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world.” But there is no shortage of such men in politics and commerce at the moment.

Donald Trump’s electoral victory says something significant about the declining state of the global economy as well as the steady demise of the U.S. empire and its white working class.

Some of these truths are self-evident.

The Baby Boom generation, the most destructive and selfish generation in the history of the planet, has made its last political statement.

Billionaires are an affliction upon the human race.

Half of U.S. voters did not vote because they did not want to participate in political suicide or be part of a grotesque Roman circus.

Technology has placed us in a sea of unending turbulence, yet every politician thinks it is our only lifesaver.

When a people yearn to be great again, they have lost their greatness.

America has entered a revolutionary period. There will be blood.

Reality TV can always humiliate the word.

Journalism doesn’t matter anymore, because the truth counts for little in complex democracies that have peaked.

People don’t trust the media because it is smug and untrustworthy.

Media polls and pundits missed the mark as well as the revolutionary rage.

Digitally obsessed reporters don’t know how to listen to voices different than their liberal urbanity. Nor can they imagine such voices. Instead, they tend to denigrate “the other” as much as Trump.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

Alexandra Morton Sues DFO for Allegedly Failing to Protect Wild Salmon

October 16, 2016

Alexandra Morton Sues DFO for Allegedly Failing to Protect Wild Salmon

Lack of measures to prevent transfer of deadly disease from farmed fish breaks law, suit charges.

Alexandra Morton: DFO ignoring law, putting salmon farmers ahead of wild stocks.

Salmon advocate and biologist Alexandra Morton is suing the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, alleging the DFO is putting wild salmon at risk by failing to inspect hatchery fish for a known virus prior to transferring them to fish farms.

Morton’s lawsuit charges the department with breaking fisheries regulations that say the minister can only issue a licence allowing fish farmers to transfer fish if they “do not have any disease or disease agent that may be harmful to the protection and conservation of fish.”

Regulations also require the minister to ensure the transfer won’t have an “adverse effect” on other fish stocks.

Morton won a similar legal case in 2015, after suing the Department of Fisheries and Oceans and Marine Harvest for transferring Atlantic salmon infected with piscine reovirus into its ocean feedlot operations. The virus is associated with Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI), a contagious and often fatal disease that has hit Norwegian and Chilean fish farms.

The Federal Court gave the DFO until September 2015 to revise licences granted to Marine Harvest to ensure diseased hatchery fish are not transferred into the open-net systems in the ocean. Marine Harvest and the federal government appealed the decision, but the federal government sought an adjournment in May after scientists revealed they had found a potential case of HMSI on a B.C. fish farm.

Asked about the fate of the appeal and department’s apparent failure to comply with the law, DFO communications advisor Athina Vazeos wrote in a statement that “It would be inappropriate to comment further as this matter remains before the court.”

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

Pipeline Memo Guiding Trudeau Gov’t ‘Riddled with Mistakes’

October 16, 2016

Pipeline Memo Guiding Trudeau Gov’t ‘Riddled with Mistakes’

Economist Allan tells Natural Resources it was ‘dangerously misled’ four ways.

A Natural Resources memo extolling the economic benefits of more bitumen pipelines for Canada is “riddled with factual and analytical mistakes” that could “dangerously mislead” elected officials and the public, says an economist who has pored over its claims.

In a detailed 10-page letter, B.C. economist Robyn Allan has warned Jim Carr, minister of Natural Resources, that the memo’s conclusions are “unreliable and yet, based on recent public statements, you have adopted them to conclude new pipelines, such as Trans Mountain’s expansion, are necessary.”

Trans Mountain is one of four proposed pipeline projects, controversial for safety and climate change concerns, currently under consideration.

Allan’s letter documents a series of major errors in the February memo titled “Economic Benefits of Pipelines.” The memo wasn’t released until July due to a Freedom of Information Request. Allan, who served as president and CEO of the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia and as senior economist for B.C. Central Credit Union, analyzed the document in September.

The memo to the minister contends that Canada’s oil pipelines are currently operating at “over potential”; that they need one million barrels of new capacity by 2020; that lack of tidewater access has cost the economy billions and that Asian markets are “fast growing.”

Yet the facts support none of these claims says Allan, who has long questioned the economic argument for expanding bitumen production in an era of low and volatile oil prices.

Allan asserts these errors:

1. Not true that pipelines are operating beyond potential.

The memo states that Canada’s pipelines were operating at fullest potential in 2014. But it omits the ongoing problem of leaking and faulty pipelines and its dramatic impact on pipeline capacity.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

US Study Confirms Rapid Increase of Methane Emissions by Oil and Gas

September 17, 2016

US Study Confirms Rapid Increase of Methane Emissions by Oil and Gas

Spike corresponds with timing of shale gas boom.

Another U.S. scientific study has confirmed that methane emissions from oil and gas activity are increasing more rapidly than previously estimated, and that these increases were happening at the same time that the North American shale gas boom and related fracking frenzy took off.

The latest study, one of several major scientific papers on growing global methane emissions published this past year, found that methane venting and leaks from oil and gas activity stabilized in the early 1980s and ‘90s and then dramatically escalated between 2000 and 2008.

BC Methane Leakage Likely Underreported

According to a 2012 British Columbia Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report the province’s natural gas industry leaked only 78,000 tonnes of methane while mining 41 billion cubic metres of gas in 2012.

That suggests that the province’s industry has a leakage rate of only 0.28 per cent, an estimate many critics find inaccurate if not unbelievable.

In contrast, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates the industry leaks about 1.33 per cent of its product, or five times more than what B.C.’s industry currently reports.

Recent studies consistently find that fugitive emissions “from natural gas are found to be two to three times larger than predicted by existing inventory methodologies and industry reports.”

— Andrew Nikiforuk

“Overall fossil fuel emissions didn’t change a lot until 2000, and then it really ramps up,” reported Andrew Rice, a climate scientist at Portland State University.

Although the timing corresponds with the shale gas and fracking boom, the study did not identify shale gas sources or distinguish emissions from hydraulic fracturing in North America from other fugitive fossil fuel sources.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

The European Union and the Misery of Bigness

June 23, 2016

The European Union and the Misery of Bigness

Brexit voters should recognize Leopold Kohr’s belief that large institutions concentrate power and ignore local needs.

Airships

Big cities, states or businesses: ‘They can’t work or prosper for long because their scale is inhuman, abusive and wrong.’ Airship image via Shutterstock.

“What wisdom shall any man show in glorying in the largeness of empire, all their joy being but as a glass, bright and brittle, and evermore in fear and danger of breaking?” — Saint Augustine

Whether British citizens vote to leave or remain in the European Union this week, the central global issue won’t go away and that’s the misery of bigness.

Of course, that’s not the way the media and pundits have framed this important debate. They present the vote on whether Britain should remain or leave the European Union as some sort of proxy war on immigration, free trade and the tolerance of so-called progressive societies.

But these issues are just symptoms of a much greater malaise: the tyrannical nature of big organizations. They can’t work or prosper for long because their scale is inhuman, abusive and wrong.

Years ago, the great Austrian economist Leopold Kohr argued that overwhelming evidence from science, culture and biology all pointed to one unending truth: things improve with an unending process of division.

The breakdown ensured that nothing ever got too big for its own britches or too unmanageable or unaccountable. Small things simply worked best.

Kohr pegged part of the problem with bigness as “the law of diminishing sensitivity.” The bigger a government or market or corporation got, the less sensitive it became to matters of the neighbourhood.

In the end bigness, just like any empire, concentrated power and delivered misery, corruption and waste.

And that’s the problem today with the European Union, big corporations, large governments and a long parade of big trade pacts.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

Groundwater Contamination from Fracking Changes over Time: Study

May 7, 2016

Groundwater Contamination from Fracking Changes over Time: Study

Texas study finds quality fluctuates as nearby industry evolves.

Water

A new Texas study is the first to measure groundwater quality from private water wells before, during, and after the expansion of fracking. Water photo via Shutterstock.

A new Texas study has found that horizontal oil wells fractured by the injection of high volumes of chemicals, sand, and water contaminate nearby water wells with a variety of heavy metals and toxic chemicals that fluctuate over time.

In the last decade, North America’s $40-billion fracking industry has punctured uneconomic or ”unconventional” rock formations from British Columbia to Texas with long lateral wells that extend for miles underground.

Then they blast open the surrounding formation with injections of water, chemicals, sand, fluids, or hydrocarbons. But industry can’t always control the direction of the fractures.

”In our most recent study, we found that as more unconventional wells were drilled and stimulated, more drilling-related contaminants were found in the groundwater,” study author Zacariah L. Hildenbrand told The Tyee.

Dichloromethane, an industry chemical and potential human carcinogen, was found in quantities above safe drinking water levels in water wells on highly fracked landscapes. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says the chemical ”poses health risks to anyone who breathes the air when this compound is present.”

Hildenbrand, a native of the Okanagan Valley, is a scientist (and cancer biologist by training) with the Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation at the University of Texas in Arlington.

The study, published in the journal Science of the Total Environment, is the first to measure groundwater quality from private water wells before, during, and after the expansion of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracking.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

Fracking Contaminates Groundwater: Stanford Study

March 30, 2016

Fracking Contaminates Groundwater: Stanford Study

Another scientific report finds evidence of industry’s impact on public resource.

Drilling photo via Shutterstock.

Another scientific study has confirmed that fracking, the controversial technology that blasts apart low-grade rocks containing molecules of hydrocarbons, can contaminate groundwater.

“We have, for the first time, demonstrated impact to Underground Sources of Drinking Water (USDW) as a result of hydraulic fracturing,” says the study published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology.

Researchers from Stanford University published their findings after combing through publicly available data on the drilling, fracking and cementing of scores of tight gas wells in Pavillion, Wyoming.

“Given the high frequency of injection of stimulation fluids into USDWs to support [coalbed methane] extraction and unknown frequency in tight gas formations, it is unlikely that impact to USDWs is limited to the Pavillion Field, requiring investigation elsewhere.”

The scientists matched chemical compounds used in fracking to chemicals found in two groundwater monitoring wells drilled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 2008.

No jurisdiction in Canada has yet set up long-term groundwater monitoring wells to track the movement of contaminants from oil and gas drilling into groundwater.

The researchers also discovered that industry fracked directly into aquifers at depths as shallow as 213 metres with highly toxic chemicals, including benzene.

The industry routinely contends that fracking is safe because it is occurring miles underground.

But shallow fracking of coal seams and other formations in Colorado, Wyoming, Alabama and Alberta from the 1980s onward has resulted in lawsuits, public protests and evidence of extensive groundwater contamination.

The new study also found that different companies in Pavillion, Wyoming used acid and hydraulic fracturing treatments at the same depths as water wells in the area. Waste disposal pits contaminated groundwater, too.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

Steam Injection Fractures Caprock in Big Alberta Spill, Regulator Confirms

March 23, 2016

Steam Injection Fractures Caprock in Big Alberta Spill, Regulator Confirms

Incident highlights fragility of high-cost energy extraction.

Large fractures in earth seeped bitumen at one of four well sites operated by CNRL near Cold Lake, Alberta. Photo: CNRL, September 2013.

Three years after an eruption of 10,000 barrels of melted bitumen contaminated the boreal forest and groundwater near Cold Lake, Alberta, the provincial energy regulator has now officially blamed hydraulic fracturing, or the pressurized injection of steam into the ground for fracturing nearby rock.

The bitumen blowout occurred sometime between May and June 2013 at Canadian Natural Resources Ltd.’s Cold Lake project, an operation that uses steam injection to melt bitumen and bring it to the surface.

In this case, the pressure from the steam cracked rock between different formations, allowing melted bitumen to find natural fractures and flow to the surface at five different locations, including under a lake.

In some places, the bitumen erupted through fissures in the ground as long as 159 metres deep.

The event, not the first of its kind as an earlier Tyee investigation revealed, killed wildlife and seeped nearly 20 barrels of bitumen a day into muskeg over a five-month period.

In a lengthy report, the Alberta Energy Regulator concluded what experts had suggested all along — that all five bitumen seeping events “were caused by excessive steam volumes, along with an open conduit (wellbore or natural fracture or fault) or hydraulically induced vertical fractures.”

According to the regulator, an independent third party expert panelthat also reviewed the bitumen disaster found that the company, a major bitumen producer, had failed to properly account for geological faults and fractures in the region it was steaming.

That panel submitted “that CNRL’s approach had insufficiently addressed the impact of geological variability” and how natural fractures would respond to increases in steam pressures.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

Four More Whoppers about LNG in British Columbia

March 16, 2016

Four More Whoppers about LNG in British Columbia

The real facts behind Christy Clark’s rosy claims.

BC Premier Christy Clark: a million-dollar website to drum up LNG jobs, but not a single job yet.

The B.C. budget claims the province is making money from shale gas. But last month The Tyee showed the province is pouring more cash into the industry than it is getting back.

In fact the only time the B.C. government made any money from shale gas was during a land lease boom nearly a dozen years ago. Ever since then, revenues have dwindled to next to nothing due to low royalties and taxpayer-funded subsidies to the ailing shale gas industry.

Dig deeper, and four more claims made by the B.C. government turn out to be liquefied natural gas whoppers as well.

New information on employment numbers, shale gas reserves, transmission lines and the LNG promise of economic prosperity show that stretching the truth remains a persistent trend in the Christy Clark administration.

Whopper #1: Vastly less gas to sell than claimed

Let’s begin with the government claim that British Columbia “has more than an estimated 2,900 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of marketable shale gas reserves,” or more methane in the ground than the entire United States.

Last year David Hughes, a former analyst with Natural Resources Canada who mapped much of the nation’s coal and gas supplies, took a hard look at real reserves and found that the government claim had no basis in reality.

Hughes pointed out in a report for the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives that the BC Oil and Gas Commission estimated that B.C. only had 376 tcf of marketable shale resources. (Hughes added 40 tcf to this number for good measure, for a total of 416 tcf, to account for possible resources in developing plays.)

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

Three Wacky Accounting Numbers for LNG and Shale Gas

March 2, 2016

Three Wacky Accounting Numbers for LNG and Shale Gas

Close read of BC’s budget shows realities of this subsidized industry boondoggle.

Three things don’t add up in the British Columbia budget when it comes to declining revenues from the battered shale gas industry and its non-existent cousin, the province’s liquefied natural gas fantasy.

The first concerns revenue. Premier Christy Clark promised in 2013 that profits from the LNG industry would pour like manna into a $100-billion provincial prosperity fund.

In the months before the election that year, the government persuaded citizens that a complex, high-cost and foreign-owned industry, tied to a volatile greenhouse gas, could somehow make the province debt-free and bless it with Alberta-like prosperity.

Twenty LNG proponents all lined up at the government trough, expecting low royalties and taxes. But not one of the 20 proponents has committed to go ahead with a LNG project, because the economic justification has vanished in a sea of volatility. Many are folding, such as the Douglas Channel LNG project, because of what industry calls “unfavourable market conditions.”

New LNG terminals in Australia, Papua New Guinea and Angola have created an oversupply while demand is falling in key markets like Japan, South Korea and China due to economic stagnation. Prices for LNG are expected to remain in the tank for years or become as volatile as oil.

No matter. Faced with her pet industry’s dire prospects, Premier Clark took $100 million, about what the province will bring in through higher Medical Services Plan premiums, and boldly placed those hard-won tax dollars into B.C.’s newly created LNG prosperity fund.

Clark is trying to preserve the illusion of a revenue stream that doesn’t exist. In so doing, her government has out-Orwelled Orwell with some very creative explanations.

…click on the above link to read the rest of the article…

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