{"id":35405,"date":"2018-06-23T08:57:10","date_gmt":"2018-06-23T13:57:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/olduvai.ca\/?p=35405"},"modified":"2018-06-23T08:57:10","modified_gmt":"2018-06-23T13:57:10","slug":"referendums-in-europe-tool-for-civic-engagement-or-carnivalesque-prop","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/olduvai.ca\/?p=35405","title":{"rendered":"Referendums in Europe: Tool for Civic Engagement or Carnivalesque Prop?"},"content":{"rendered":"<header class=\"entry-header\">\n<h3 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu\/referendums-in-europe-tool-for-civic-engagement-or-carnivalesque-prop\/\">REFERENDUMS IN EUROPE: TOOL FOR CIVIC ENGAGEMENT OR CARNIVALESQUE PROP?<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\n<p><em>\u201cThe Roman carnival is not really a festival given for the people but one the people give themselves. At a given signal, everyone has leave to be as mad and foolish as he likes, and almost everything, except fisticuffs and stabbing, is permissible. The difference between the social orders seems to be abolished for the time being.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Goethe, \u201cThe Roman Carnival\u201d in Italian Journey.<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"introduction\">\n<p>Various referendums to ratify European policies or institutions have been held over the last 15 years across the European Union. Their questions have differed and their answers have at times sharply divided national public opinion. The extent to which their results have been respected raises important questions regarding the legitimacy of European and national democratic practices.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>A common feature of these referendums is that although held nationally \u2013 by and in Member States \u2013 they addressed issues that were both European and national and were able to influence EU functioning or decision making. Indeed, to date, the European framework does not allow Europe-wide referendums. And while the verdicts of referendums on joining, remaining in, or leaving the EU<a href=\"https:\/\/www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu\/referendums-in-europe-tool-for-civic-engagement-or-carnivalesque-prop\/#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> have been respected, the same cannot be said for referendums on deciding European policy.<\/p>\n<p>Rejections expressed in referendums on European policy have produced two types of reaction from European institutions and other national governments. Either they lead to a partial renegotiation of the measure or the institutional reform concerned (on the points deemed contentious). This slight rewording is usually then put to another vote a few months later, either in another referendum (Denmark in 1992 then 1993, Ireland in 2001 then 2002 and 2008 then 2009) or put to parliament (2005 French referendum rejecting the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, later replaced by the Lisbon Treaty and ratified by France\u2019s parliament in 2007, or the concessions made on EU bailout terms by the Greek government in 2015, which were approved by a parliamentary majority rather than a second referendum).<\/p>\n<p>\u2026click on the above link to read the rest of the article\u2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>REFERENDUMS IN EUROPE: TOOL FOR CIVIC ENGAGEMENT OR CARNIVALESQUE PROP? \u201cThe Roman carnival is not really a festival given for the people but one the people give themselves. At a given signal, everyone has leave to be as mad and foolish as he likes, and almost everything, except fisticuffs and stabbing, is permissible. The difference [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[20625,281,284,20380,672],"class_list":["post-35405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-liberty","tag-civic-engagement","tag-europe","tag-european-union","tag-green-european-journal","tag-referendum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/olduvai.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35405","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/olduvai.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/olduvai.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/olduvai.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/olduvai.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=35405"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/olduvai.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35405\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35406,"href":"https:\/\/olduvai.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35405\/revisions\/35406"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/olduvai.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=35405"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/olduvai.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=35405"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/olduvai.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=35405"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}